Kubernetes

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Useful

alias: 

alias k="kubectl"
alias kns="kubectl --namespace $KNS"
alias ks="kubectl --namespace kube-system"                                          # Kubernetes Events
alias ke="kubectl get events --sort-by='{.lastTimestamp}'"                          # Kubernetes System stuff
alias kse="kubectl --namespace kube-system get events --sort-by='{.lastTimestamp}'" # Kubernetes Systems Events

with the advernt of this , my knX aliases are not as useful. 

kubectl config set-context --current --namespace=NAMESPACE

For moving around namespaces fast 

alias kX="kubectl --name-space nameX"

dump all : 

kubectl get all --export=true -o yaml

( namespace kube-system not dumped )

also needed:

kns get secrets
kns get pvc
kns get pv
kns get cm
kns get sa
kns get role
kns get RoleBinding

list form: 

k get pods
k get rs # replica set
k get rc # replication controller

what are all the things ? 

kubectl api-resources

kubectl api-versions

event sorted by time 

kubectl get events --sort-by=.metadata.creationTimestamp

show events with timestamp , rather than relative time: 

kubectl get events -o custom-columns=FirstSeen:.firstTimestamp,LastSeen:.lastTimestamp,Count:.count,From:.source.component,Type:.type,Reason:.reason,Message:.message -n $KNS

kubectl get events -o custom-columns=FirstSeen:.firstTimestamp,LastSeen:.lastTimestamp,Count:.count,From:.source.component,Type:.type,Reason:.reason,Message:.message

what storage classes does my cluster support? 

k get storageclass

how are pod spread out over nodes: 

k describe node | grep -E '(^Non-t|m |^Name)' | more

( doesn't scale well, no indication of )

what deployments should be on what instance groups: 

kubectl get deploy --all-namespaces -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{"\t"}{..nodeSelector}{"\n"}{end}' |sort

or the other way round ( ig first ) 

kubectl get deploy --all-namespaces -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{..nodeSelector}{"\t"}{.metadata.name}{"\n"}{end}' |sort

if you used kops to deploy the cluster then nodes are labes with their instance groups, you can be more specific like this: 

k describe node -l kops.k8s.io/instancegroup=<instance group name> | grep -E '(^Non-t|m |^Name)' | more

how many nods in each instance group? ( tested under kops ) 

for i in `kops get ig 2>/dev/null| grep -v NAME | awk '{print $1}'`
do
echo $i
kubectl get nodes -l kops.k8s.io/instancegroup=$i
done

how many pods per node: 

k get pod -o wide | grep -v NAME | awk '{print $8}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn

k get pod --all-namespaces -o wide | grep -v NAME | awk '{print $8}' | sort | uniq -c | sort -rn

audit: who tried to do what? 

ks get pod | grep kube-apiserver-ip

ks logs $podname

kns logs -f --timestamps podname

-f "follow"
--timestamp , show timestamp

the pod restarted , I want the logs from the previous start of this pod: 

kns logs --previous podname

who tried to scale unsuccessfully? 

ks logs $podname | grep scale | grep cloud | awk '$8!=200{print $0}'

Where is the service account token that I gave this pod?

It's in here: /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token

Scripting Scaling

Manually edit the replicas of a deployment from within the same namespace, but in a different pod:

  1. give the actor pod a service account ( possibly via it's deployment ).
  2. create a Role as below.
  3. create the RoleBinding to connect the ServiceAccount to the Role.

Now you have: Pod -> Deployment -> ServiceAccount -> RoleBinding -> Role

Now the Pod has permission to do what it needs. Very similar to AWS's "IAM Role" where you give an instance a role that has the permissions that it needs to operate.

Note that in this case "ClusterRole" and ClusterRoleBinding are not required. It's all namespaced to the namespace that your deployment is in. In this case: "default". 

export API_URL="https://${KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST}:${KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT}/${KUBE_ENDPOINT}"
export TOKEN=`cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token`
export CURL_CA_BUNDLE=/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt

curl \
 -H 'Accept: application/json' \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
 $API_URL \
 > scale.json
# edit scale.json, set replicas to 4
curl -X PUT \
 -d@scale.json \
 -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
 $API_URL

CURL_CA_BUNDLE - kubernerets is it's own CA, and presents to each pod a ca bundle that makes ssl "in" the cluster valid.

This was the role that did it. FIXME: pare it down 

apiVersion: rbac.authorization.k8s.io/v1
kind: Role
metadata:
  name: kube-cloudwatch-autoscaler
  labels:
    app: kube-cloudwatch-autoscaler
rules:
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - nodes
  verbs:
  - list
- apiGroups:
  - apps
  resources:
  - deployments
  - deployments.apps
  - deployments.apps/scale
  - "*/scale"
  verbs:
  - get
  - update
  - patch
  - put
- apiGroups:
  - ""
  resources:
  - configmaps
  verbs:
  - get
  - create

On patching

There are a couple of way to change an object. 

export TOKEN=`cat /var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/token`
export CURL_CA_BUNDLE=/var/run/secrets/kubernetes.io/serviceaccount/ca.crt

1. dump whole "thing" , make change post object back ( as above ) GET -> PUT 

curl \
 -v \
 -H 'Accept: application/json' \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
 $API_URL \
 > scale.json
# edit scale.json, set replicas to 4
curl -X PUT \
 -d@scale.json \
 -H 'Content-Type: application/json' \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer $TOKEN" \
 $API_URL

2. terse PATCH 

curl -sS \
 -X 'PATCH' \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer ${TOKEN}" \
 -H 'Content-Type: application/merge-patch+json' \
 $API_URL \
 -d '{"spec": {"replicas":  1}}'

3. old / full PATCH ?

reference: https://stackoverflow.com/questions/41792851/manage-replicas-count-for-deployment-using-kubernetes-api ( 1 year 8 months old at tie of _this_ writing )

Careful, compare:

BORKEN! 

PAYLOAD='[{"op":"replace","path":"/spec/replicas","value":"3"}]'
curl \
 -X PATCH \
 -d ${PAYLOAD} \
 -H 'Content-Type: application/json-patch+json' \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer ${TOKEN}" \
 $API_URL

WERKS! 

curl \
 -X PATCH \
 -d '[{"op":"replace","path":"/spec/replicas","value":3}]' \
 -H 'Content-Type: application/json-patch+json' \
 -H "Authorization: Bearer ${TOKEN}" \
 $API_URL

Closely: 

-d '[{"op":"replace","path":"/spec/replicas","value":"3"}]'  <- broken
-d '[{"op":"replace","path":"/spec/replicas","value":3}]' <- works

resource definitions

You did a get -o yaml to see the object, but you want to know what _all_ the attributes are.

For Custom resource definintions you know about: 

k get CustomResourceDefinition

but what about vanilla , non-custom, definitions? API reference? 

FIXME , dunno.

Maybe the thing you want to know amore about is a custom resource and you just didn't know it as custom: 

k get CustomResourceDefinition -A

for example: 

k get CustomResourceDefinition backendconfigs.cloud.google.com -o yaml

show recommended labels on deployments 

k get deploy -o=custom-columns='Deployment_name:.metadata.name,label_NAME:.metadata.labels.app\.kubernetes\.io/name,INSTANCE:.metadata.labels.app\.kubernetes\.io/instance,VERSION:.metadata.labels.app\.kubernetes\.io/version,COMPONENT:.metadata.labels.app\.kubernetes\.io/component,MANAGEBY:.metadata.labels.app\.kubernetes\.io/managed-by'

( sorry no line breaks allowed )

Template Examples

list images by pod: 

kubectl get pods -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.name}{":\t"}{range .spec.containers[*]}{.image}{", "}{end}{end}{"\n"}'

kubectl get pods --all-namespaces -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.name}{":\t"}{range .spec.containers[*]}{.image}{", "}{end}{end}{"\n"}'

kns version: 

kns get pods -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.name}{":\t"}{range .spec.containers[*]}{.image}{", "}{end}{end}{"\n"}'

pod and ips: 

kubectl get pods -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.name}{":\t"}{range .status.podIPs[*]}{ .ip } {", "}{end}{end}{"\n"}'

kubectl get pods -n mynamespace -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.name}{":\t"}{range .status.podIPs[*]}{ .ip } {", "}{end}{end}{"\n"}'

list images by deploy 

kubectl get deploy -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.name}{":\t"}{range .spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{.image}{", "}{end}{end}{"\n"}'

kns get deploy -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.name}{":\t"}{range .spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{.image}{", "}{end}{end}{"\n"}'


list all deployment cpu and mem request: 

kubectl get deploy -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.name}{":\t"}{range .spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{.resources.requests.cpu}{", "}{.resources.requests.memory}{end}{end}{"\n"}'

list nodeslectors for all deploys: 

kubectl get deploy -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.name}{":\t"}{.spec.template.spec.nodeSelector}{end}{"\n"}'

all nodes by their condition statuses: 

kubectl get nodes -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{@.metadata.name}:{"\n"}{range @.status.conditions[*]}{"\t"}{@.type}={@.status};{"\n"}{end}{end}{"\n"}'

Note the double loop.

Examine the resource request and limit for all deploys: 

kubectl get deploy -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{@.metadata.name}{range @.spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{@.resources.request.cpu}{@.resources.request.memory}{@.resources.limits.cpu}{@.resources.limits.memory}{"\n"}{end}{end}{"\n"}'


ContainersIDs by host: ( accounts for multiple containers per pod ) 

for i in `kns describe node NODENAME | grep "m (" | grep -v cpu | awk '{print $2}'`
do
echo -n $i " "
ns=$(kns get pod -A | grep $i | awk '{print $1}')
echo -n $ns " "
# k get pod $i -n $ns -o jsonpath='{.metadata.name}{" "}{.status.containerStatuses[*].containerID}{"\n"}' ; done
k get pod $i -n $ns -o jsonpath='{"\n"}{"\t"}{range .status.containerStatuses[*]}{.name}{" "}{.containerID}{"\n"}{end}' ; done
done

request for every replicaset ,across all name spaces 

kubectl get rs -A -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.namespace}{","}{.metadata.name}{","}{.status.readyReplicas}{","}{range .spec.template.spec.containers[*]}{.resources.requests.cpu}{","}{.resources.requests.memory}{end}{end}{"\n"}' | sort -n -r -k 3 -t , | head

of the form: 

namespace,name,replicasready,cpu,mem

metrics

wget "$(kubectl config view -o jsonpath='{range .clusters[*]}{@.cluster.server}{"\n"}{end}')"

also: 

k top nodes
k top pods

exec notes

k exec -it $i -- bash -c "set | grep ENVVARX"

Monitoroing

Prometheus queries of note:

Cluster wide CPU usage percent: 

sum (rate (container_cpu_usage_seconds_total{id="/"}[5m])) / sum (machine_cpu_cores{}) * 100

Cluster wide memory usage: 

sum (container_memory_working_set_bytes{id="/"}) / sum (machine_memory_bytes{}) * 100

Cluster wide cpu and memory request v available as a percent ( keep this below 100% )

CPU: 

sum(kube_pod_container_resource_requests_cpu_cores) / sum(kube_node_status_capacity_cpu_cores) * 100

Memory: 

sum(kube_pod_container_resource_requests_memory_bytes) / sum(kube_node_status_capacity_memory_bytes) * 100

Troubleshooting

Pod

pod starts and dies too quick, inthe deployment, stateuleset, or deamonset overrid the command and args with this:

look at logs:

put this in a deployment so that you can exec into a failing pod and see what it's upto: 

       command: ["/bin/sh"]
       args: ["-c", "while true; do date; sleep 10;done"]

the pod will come up and stay up long enugh for you to get in and look around.

this only works with a pod that has enough of an operating system for you to do that . Like bash ps ls cd and such tools. Some very slim containers do not have those tools.

One off pod

kubectl run tomcat --image=ubuntu:latest 

kubectl run -i -t busybox --image=alpine:3.8 --restart=Never

kube Api server

You want to see what is up with the api server. If there is a problem with the cluster the api server is going to give you a better view.

by default -v ( verbose ) is not set.

in this example we are using KOPS to make the kubenertes cluster, so to change the api server config we need to edit the cluster_spec. 

kops edit cluster

add a section 

apiServer:
 LogLevel: X

This adds --v=X to the api server command line.

I had something pounding the server with a bad token , ut the log only said: "Bad token"... who ?

Had to turn loglevel up to 20 to get to the bottom of it... it was a bad fluentd token ( wish fluentd had some sort of back-off. )

Note that a kops update showed "no changed required".

I could force it, but instead, I used the "small change" trick Kops#Tricks_for_making_small_updates_to_a_host

Running a one off job from a cronjob

kns create job --from=cronjob/cronjob-name job-name-dthornton

Echo Server

aka printenv

aka python server

For troubleshooting load balancer, service, ingress issues, an "echo" server is useful:

server.py 

#!/usr/bin/env python3

#  ./server.py [<port>]

from http.server import BaseHTTPRequestHandler, HTTPServer
import logging

class S(BaseHTTPRequestHandler):
    def _set_response(self):
        self.send_response(200)
        self.send_header('Content-type', 'text/html')
        self.end_headers()

    def do_GET(self):
        logging.info("GET request,\nPath: %s\nHeaders:\n%s\n", str(self.path), str(self.headers))
        self._set_response()
        for e in self.headers:
            # self.response.write(e + "<br />")
            self.wfile.write("{}: {}<br>".format(e,self.headers[e]).encode('utf-8'))
        # self.wfile.write("type is {}".format(type(self.headers)).encode('utf-8'))
        # self.wfile.write("GET request for {}".format(self.path).encode('utf-8'))

    def do_POST(self):
        content_length = int(self.headers['Content-Length']) # <--- Gets the size of data
        post_data = self.rfile.read(content_length) # <--- Gets the data itself
        logging.info("POST request,\nPath: %s\nHeaders:\n%s\n\nBody:\n%s\n",
                str(self.path), str(self.headers), post_data.decode('utf-8'))

        self._set_response()
        self.wfile.write("POST request for {}".format(self.path).encode('utf-8'))

def run(server_class=HTTPServer, handler_class=S, port=8080):
    logging.basicConfig(level=logging.INFO)
    server_address = ('', port)
    httpd = server_class(server_address, handler_class)
    logging.info('Starting httpd...')
    try:
        httpd.serve_forever()
    except KeyboardInterrupt:
        pass
    httpd.server_close()
    logging.info('Stopping httpd...')

if __name__ == '__main__':
    from sys import argv

    if len(argv) == 2:
        run(port=int(argv[1]))
    else:
        run()

make a configmap from this: 

kubectl create configmap server-script --from-file=server.py

then make a deployment:

deploy.yaml 

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: Deployment
metadata:
  annotations:
  labels:
    app: server
    env: staging
  name: server
  namespace: testing
spec:
  progressDeadlineSeconds: 600
  replicas: 1
  revisionHistoryLimit: 1
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: server
      env: staging
  strategy:
    rollingUpdate:
      maxSurge: 34%
      maxUnavailable: 0
    type: RollingUpdate
  template:
    metadata:
      creationTimestamp: null
      labels:
        app: server  
        env: staging 
    spec:
      automountServiceAccountToken: false
      containers:
      - args:
        - /server.py 
        - "9011"
        command:
        - python
        env:
        - name: MYENVVAR
          value: fun
        image: python:alpine3.15
        imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
        livenessProbe:
          failureThreshold: 5
          httpGet:   
            path: /  
            port: 9011
            scheme: HTTP
          initialDelaySeconds: 120
          periodSeconds: 60
          successThreshold: 1
          timeoutSeconds: 60
        name: fusionauth
        ports:
        - containerPort: 9011
          protocol: TCP
        resources:
          limits:
            cpu: 300m
            memory: 700Mi
          requests:
            cpu: 100m
            memory: 500Mi
        terminationMessagePath: /dev/termination-log
        terminationMessagePolicy: File
        volumeMounts:
        - mountPath: /server.py
          name: server-script
          subPath: server.py
      dnsConfig:
        options:
        - name: ndots
          value: "1"
      dnsPolicy: ClusterFirst
      restartPolicy: Always
      schedulerName: default-scheduler
      securityContext: {}
      terminationGracePeriodSeconds: 60
      volumes:
      - configMap:
          defaultMode: 420
          name: server-script
        name: server-script

ingress.yaml 

apiVersion: networking.k8s.io/v1
kind: Ingress
metadata:
  annotations:
    ingress.gcp.kubernetes.io/pre-shared-cert: mycert
    ingress.kubernetes.io/ssl-cert: mycert
    kubernetes.io/ingress.allow-http: "false"
    kubernetes.io/ingress.class: gce-internal
  labels:
    app: server
    env: staging
  name: server
  namespace: testing
spec:
  defaultBackend:
    service:
      name: server-service
      port:
        name: myserver


then a service and ingress.

in this case I'm using gke internal lb: 

apiVersion: v1
kind: Service
metadata:
  annotations:
    cloud.google.com/neg: '{"ingress": true}'
  labels:
    app: server
    env: staging
  name: server-service
  namespace: testing
spec:
  externalTrafficPolicy: Cluster
  ipFamilies:
  - IPv4
  ipFamilyPolicy: SingleStack
  ports:
  - name: myservice
    port: 8080
    protocol: TCP
    targetPort: 8080
  selector:
    app: server
    env: staging
  sessionAffinity: None
  type: NodePort

which pods are cycling?

podnewandold.sh 

#!/bin/bash

export ARG="-l app.kubernetes.io/instance=myapp"

echo getting current
CURRENT=$(kubectl get pod ${ARG} -o name | sort )

while true
  do

  echo getting new
  NEW=$(kubectl get pod ${ARG} -o name | sort )

  echo diff question mark
  diff -u <(echo "$NEW") <(echo "$CURRENT")

  echo sleep
  sleep 1
  CURRENT=${NEW}

  done

Practices and Guidelines

https://medium.com/devopslinks/security-problems-of-kops-default-deployments-2819c157bc90

  • Do not use replication controllers, instead use replica sets
  • When changing the shape of the cluster , number and type of instance groups , you will use kops edit ig <ig name> , but don't for get to update the cluster-autoscaler config ( ks edit deploy cluster-autoscaler )

ConfigMaps

All things configmaps:

https://kubernetes.io/docs/tasks/configure-pod-container/configure-pod-configmap/

Cgroup / slice errors

https://github.com/kubernetes/kubernetes/issues/56850

log message: 

Sep 18 21:32:37 ip-10-10-37-50 kubelet[1681]: E0918 21:32:37.901058    1681 summary.go:92] Failed to get system container stats for "/system.slice/docker.service": failed to get cgroup stats for "/system.slice/docker.service": failed to get container info for "/system.slice/docker.service": unknown container "/system.slice/docker.service"

MAAS ubuntu

https://stripe.com/blog/operating-kubernetes

https://cloudplatform.googleblog.com/2018/05/Kubernetes-best-practices-Setting-up-health-checks-with-readiness-and-liveness-probes.html

https://medium.com/@adriaandejonge/moving-from-docker-to-rkt-310dc9aec938

https://coreos.com/rkt/docs/latest/rkt-vs-other-projects.html#rkt-vs-docker

https://hackernoon.com/docker-containerd-standalone-runtimes-heres-what-you-should-know-b834ef155426?gi=3c7edac0b22d


Security

Todo / read:

Container security:

can I break out of this container? https://github.com/brompwnie/botb

is this container reasonably safe? https://github.com/aquasecurity/trivy

How does my cluster stand up to the security bench-marks? https://github.com/aquasecurity/kube-bench

References and Reading

Replica set versus Replication controller
https://www.mirantis.com/blog/kubernetes-replication-controller-replica-set-and-deployments-understanding-replication-options/
Publishing services - service types
https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/services-networking/service/#publishing-services-service-types
Kuberenetes the hard way
https://github.com/kelseyhightower/kubernetes-the-hard-way
Hadolint - A smarter Dockerfile linter that helps you build best practice Docker images.
https://github.com/hadolint/hadolint

HPA broken

Blue is test

Blue env: 

Client Version: v1.12.2
Server Version: v1.10.6

Prod env: 

Client Version: v1.12.2
Server Version: v1.9.8

In prod HPAs work. When I ask for them I see: 

NAME                        REFERENCE                              TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
adjust                      Deployment/adjust                      0%/70%    1         5         1          1d
web-admin                   Deployment/web-admin                   0%/70%    1         3         1          2h

In blue env they don't work, I see: 

NAME                        REFERENCE                              TARGETS   MINPODS   MAXPODS   REPLICAS   AGE
adjust                      Deployment/adjust                      <unknown>/70%    1         5         1          1d
web-admin                   Deployment/web-admin                   <unknown>/70%    1         3         1          2h

in Kubernetes events we see: 

HorizontalPodAutoscaler Warning FailedGetResourceMetric horizontal-pod-autoscaler unable to get metrics for resource cpu: no metrics returned from resource metrics API

Note that the metrics server is running in kube-system, but there are no repo files for that in /third-party" in prod.

In blue we store all metrics-server related files in /thirdpary/metrics-server ( taken from git@github.com:kubernetes-incubator/metrics-server.git )

In prod the deployment has: 

      - command:
        - /metrics-server
        - --source=kubernetes.summary_api:''

In blue this seemed to do the trick 

          - /metrics-server
          - --kubelet-preferred-address-types=InternalIP
          - --kubelet-insecure-tls

Cluster Scaling

ks get configmap cluster-autoscaler-status -o yaml


https://github.com/kubernetes/autoscaler/blob/master/cluster-autoscaler/FAQ.md

Steps to move hardware around

In this case we are removing the last node from an instance group and then removing the instance group.

Reference: https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/architecture/nodes/

1. Cordon the node 

k cordon ip-xx-xx-xx-xx.region.compute.internal

No new pods will be deployed here.

2. drain ( move pods here to somewhere else ) 

k drain ip-xx-xx-xx-xx.region.compute.internal

You may need to add "--ignore-daemonsets" if you have daemonsets running ( data dog , localredis )

You may need to "--delete-local-data" if you have a metrics server on this node. BE CAREFUL. You will loose metrics, but probably you have an "out of cluster" place where metrics are stored ( datadog, elastic search, etc )

3. remove the nodegroup from the autoscaler: 

ks edit deploy cluster-autoscaler

4. tell kops to delete the instance group. 

kops delete ig myig

at this point the vms will be shut down. 

k get nodes

Downing nodes

kubectl drain <node name> --delete-local-data --force --ignore-daemonsets 
kubectl delete node <node name>

Kubeadm way

1. light up some instances:

if you are using amzn linux you can cloud-init like this: 

yum_repos:
    # The name of the repository
    kubernetes:
        # Any repository configuration options
        # See: man yum.conf
        #
        # This one is required!
        baseurl: https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
        enabled: true
        gpgcheck: true
        gpgkey:
         - https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg
         - https://packages.cloud.google.com/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
        name: kubernetes


packages:
 - curl
 - git 
 - iproute-tc 
 - jq
 - kubeadm
 - kubectl
 - kubelet
 - lsof
 - mlocate
 - ntp 
 - screen
 - strace
 - sysstat
 - tcpdump
 - telnet
 - traceroute
 - tree
 - unzip
 - wget

runcmd:
  - [ /usr/bin/updatedb ]
  - [ 'amazon-linux-extras', 'install', 'docker', '-y' ]
  - [ 'setenforce', '0']
  - [ 'systemctl', 'enable', 'docker']
  - [ 'systemctl', 'start', 'docker' ]
  - [ 'systemctl', 'enable', 'kubelet']
  - [ 'systemctl', 'start', 'kubelet' ]

write_files:
  - content: |
      net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
      net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
    path: /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf
    permissions: '0755'
    owner: root:root
  - content: |
      SERVER=$(/usr/bin/aws ec2 describe-tags --region us-east-1 --filters "Name=resource-id,Values=$(wget -q -O - http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/instance-id)" "Name=key,Values=Name" --query 'Tags[*].Value' --output text)
      PRIVATE_IP=$(curl http://169.254.169.254/latest/meta-data/local-ipv4)
      # if hostname was set this would work, but hostname is not set
      # sed -i "s/^\(HOSTNAME\s*=\s*\).*$/\1$SERVER/" /etc/sysconfig/network
      echo "HOSTNAME=$SERVER" >> /etc/sysconfig/network
      echo "$PRIVATE_IP $SERVER" >> /etc/hosts
      echo "$SERVER" > /etc/hostname
      hostname $SERVER
    path: /root/sethostname.sh
    permissions: '0755'
    owner: root:root

on the first instance, do a 

kubeadm init

and save the output.

run that output on the other instances.

boom! a kubernetes cluster...

what is it missing ?

  • your app
  • logging
  • monitoring
  • dashboard

Custer status

kubectl get componentstatuses

Interogate the cluster

apiVersion: apps/v1
kind: DaemonSet
metadata:
  name: dthornton-diag
  namespace: kube-system
  labels:
    app: conntrack-adjuster
spec:
  selector:
    matchLabels:
      app: conntrack-adjuster
  template:
    metadata:
      labels:
        app: conntrack-adjuster
    spec:
      hostNetwork: true
      hostPID: true
      hostIPC: true
      containers:
        - name: sysctl
          image: alpine:3.6
          imagePullPolicy: IfNotPresent
          command: ["sh", "-c"]
          args: ["while true; do echo NOW ; cat /proc/net/nf_conntrack ; sleep 60; done;"]
          securityContext:
            privileged: true
          volumeMounts:
            - name: sys
              mountPath: /sys
      volumes:
        - name: sys
          hostPath:
            path: /sys
      tolerations:
        - effect: "NoExecute"
          operator: "Exists"
        - effect: "NoSchedule"
          operator: "Exists"

The helm way

How the hell does helm work? <- this is me learning, disregard.

Setup

prereq: k cluster is up already.

step 1. install local helm 3 binary.

https://github.com/helm/helm/releases/tag/v3.0.0-alpha.1

MacOS 

cd ~/work
mkdir helm
cd helm
wget https://get.helm.sh/helm-v3.0.0-alpha.1-darwin-amd64.tar.gz
tar darwin-amd64.tar.gz
cp darwin-amd64/helm ~/bin

Loonix 

cd ~/work
mkdir helm
cd helm
wget https://get.helm.sh/helm-v3.0.0-alpha.1-linux-amd64.tar.gz
tar zxvf linux-amd64.tar.gz
cp linux-amd64/helm ~/bin/


helm can use different kubectl contexts, but we just use on concext so simple is fine.

to get the kubernetes side of helm setup you do this: 

blue@kubernetescluster:~$ helm init --debug
Creating /home/blue/.helm 
Creating /home/blue/.helm/repository 
Creating /home/blue/.helm/repository/cache 
Creating /home/blue/.helm/plugins 
Creating /home/blue/.helm/starters 
Creating /home/blue/.helm/cache/archive 
Creating /home/blue/.helm/repository/repositories.yaml 
Adding stable repo with URL: https://kubernetes-charts.storage.googleapis.com 
$HELM_HOME has been configured at /home/blue/.helm.
Happy Helming!
blue@kubernetescluster:~$

note that "--dry-run" worked in helm 2 but doesn't owrk in helm 3.

On HPA versus deployments

if you set replicas in a deployment and deploy an HPA, replicas in the deployment will fight with whatever the HPA wants.

fix this by _not_ setting it_ in the deployment.

commands of note

list available versions of charts: 

helm search repo <reponame>/<chartname> --versions

exmaine the manifest for a release: 

helm get manifest <release> -n <namesapce>

Helm best practice notes

  • use community chart when you can to save yourself time. But also Keep up with changes so that you are not left with a chart version so old that an upgrade will be painful.
  • In charts you make yourself Don't mention namespace in any manifest. This way your chart could be deployed easily to any namespace. You could make it a value in the values.yaml file, and refernce it in the manifests, but why do all that extra typing? Use -n <namespace> at install time.
  • Install the chart in the same namespace as where the app will be deployed.
  • use --wait in your pipelines so that if there is something doesn't get deployed then your pipeline will go red. or ensure you have a task that checks the status afterwards. This depends on 1. how long you want to wait "in pipeline" to know that the deploy worked. Large deploys can take a long time, think 1000s of pods. 2. having the helm return quick while a "wait for healthy" task lives longer might be preferable for reporting and metrics.

Brain Surgery

do not do this. 

export app="myapp"
helm history $app

# pick last "good" secret

k get secret $secret -o=jsonpath='{.data.release}' | base64 -d | base64 -d | gzip -c -d > ~/tmp/${app}.manifests

# edit the manifests, then:
vi ~/tmp/${app}.manifests

# bashism
VALUE=$(cat ~/tmp/${app}.manifests | gzip -c | base64 | base64 )


kubectl patch secret $secret -p "{\"data\":{\"release\":\"${VALUE}\"}}"

taints

Still learning about this . 

kubectl get nodes -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.name}{"\t"}{.spec.taints}{"\n"}{end}'

Kubernetes dashboard

get the token for the service account to loggin to the web ui: 

ks get secret `ks get sa kubernetes-dashboard -o=jsonpath='{.secrets[0].name}'` -o=jsonpath='{.data.token}' | base64 -d ; echo

Kubernetes Quiz Links

  1. Pods

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-pods

  1. ReplicaSets

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-replicasets

  1. Deployments

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-deployments

  1. Namespaces

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-namespaces

  1. Commands and Arguments

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-commands-and-arguments

  1. ConfigMaps

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-configmaps

  1. Secrets

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-secrets

  1. Security Contexts

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-security-contexts

  1. Service Accounts

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-service-account

  1. Taints and Tolerations

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-taints-tolerations

  1. Node Affinity

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-node-affinity

  1. Multi-Container Pods

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-multicontainer-pods

  1. Readiness and Liveness Probes

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-readiness-probes

  1. Container Logging

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-logging

  1. Monitoring

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-monitoring

  1. Labels & Selectors

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-labels-and-selectors

  1. Rolling Updates And Rollbacks

https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-rolling-updates-and-rollbacks

  1. Services

https://kodekloud.com/p/kubernetes-for-beginners-services-493847859


Datadog

what version of data dog am I running ?

do this: 

kubectl get pods -l app=datadog-agent -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{"\n"}{.metadata.name}{":\t"}{range .spec.containers[*]}{.image}{", "}{end}{end}{"\n"}'

and get "latest"! except what does that mean?

instead ask the agent itself: 

for i in `kubectl get pods -l app=datadog-agent | awk '{print $1}' | grep -v NAME `; do echo $i; k exec -it $i -- /opt/datadog-agent/bin/agent/agent version; done
datadog-agent-XXXX
Agent X.X.X - Commit: XXX - Serialization version: X.X.X
datadog-agent-YYYY
Agent X.X.Y - Commit: XXX - Serialization version: X.X.X

ah ah! inconsistant versions! can be fixed with a ds delete -> k apply, or even just a pod kill.

TCPDump a container

or pod.

Reference:

https://community.pivotal.io/s/article/How-to-get-tcpdump-for-containers-inside-Kubernetes-pods

Get the container ID and host.
k get pod XXX -o=jsonpath='{.status.containerStatuses[0].containerID}{"\n"}{.status.hostIP}{"\n"}'
docker://YYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYYY
Z.Z.Z.Z
get the interface index
docker exec XXX cat /sys/class/net/eth0/iflink
<NUMBER>
find the interface on the host
ip link |grep ^<NUMBER>:
On those dump that interface
tcpdump -i veth235ab8ff

Disk usage of container

kns get pod -l app=myapp,env=datacenter-production -o=jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.status.containerStatuses[0].containerID}{"\t"}{.status.hostIP}{"\n"}{end}' | \
awk 'BEGIN{FS="//"}{print $2}' | \
while read a b
do
echo ssh ${b} sudo du -sh /var/lib/docker/containers/${a}
done

Note that by default in k8s the docker json log driver is used so if the log is big for a container, that log will be in the container's directory. I'm not sure how to fix that . there is a config for it , but it looks like kubernetes is ont honouring it.

Ingress

List all ingresses and their api version: 

k get ingress -A -o jsonpath='{range .items[*]}{.metadata.namespace}{","}{.metadata.name}{","}{.apiVersion}{"\n"}{end}'

Diagram with python and D2

/k8s2d2.py - Diagram with python and D2

Also See


Ingress Networking - 1
https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-ingress-1
Ingress Networking - 2
https://kodekloud.com/p/practice-test-kubernetes-ckad-ingress-2-deploy-controller


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