Overview of crude essential oils and their identified target sites and modes of action.
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From:
Front Microbiol. 2012; 3: 12. </a>
Published online 2012 January 25. doi: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00012
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Table 1
Overview of crude essential oils and their identified target sites and modes of action.
<thead></thead><tbody></tbody>
| Common name of plant from which essential oil is derived | Species of plant from which essential oil is derived | Major constituents of essential oil | Model organisms and measured MIC | Mechanism | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| African basil | Ocimum gratissimum | Thymol (53.2%), γ-terpinene (25.7%), eugenol (12.7%), p-cymene (7.3%) | E. coli (6<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Klebsiella sp. (6<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) L. innocua L. monocytogenes Proteus mirabilis (12<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Pseudomonas aeruginosa (≥24<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Salmonella enteritidis (3<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Shigella flexneri (3<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Staphylococcus aureus (0.75<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) | Permeabilized membrane | Nakamura et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B121" rid="B121" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1999</a>), Cimanga et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B35" rid="B35" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2002</a>), Nguefack et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B125" rid="B125" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2004b</a>) |
| Bishop’s weed | Trachyspermum ammi L. | Thymol (49.6%), β-cymene (16.3%), eugenol (3%), β-pinene (2.5%) | Three Gram-positive strains (12.5–175<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Six Gram-negative strains (12.5–462.5<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) | Potassium and ATP leakage; cell lysis | Paul (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B139" rid="B139" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2011</a>) |
| Cinnamon | Cinnamomum verum | E-cinnamaldehyde (73.35%), β-caryophyllene (4.09%), linalool (3.55%), cinnamyl acetate (2.96%), eugenol (2.68%) | Campylobacter jejuni (0.05% v/v) Enterobacter aerogenes E. coli (0.05% v/v) Listeria monocytogenes (0.03% v/v) P. aeruginosa (0.125% v/v) S. enteritidis (0.05% v/v) S. aureus (0.04–0.125% v/v) | Inhibited histidine decarboxylase P. aeruginosa: depolarized and permeabilized membranes; leakage and coagulation of cytoplasmic content; inhibited respiration activity S. aureus: entered a viable but non-cultivable state, and lost membrane integrity | Wendakoon and Morihiko (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B185" rid="B185" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1995</a>), Smith-Palmer et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B166" rid="B166" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1998</a>), Bouhdid et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B18" rid="B18" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2010</a>) |
| Cinnamomum cassia | Cinnamaldehyde (75.3%), coumarin (10.6%), cinnamic alcohol (3%) | B. cereus (339<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) E. coli (2640<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) L. monocytogenes (2640<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Salmonella infantis (2640<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) S. aureus (1320<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) | Released cellular content; reduced intracellular pH; affected membrane integrity | Alzoreky and Nakahara (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B8" rid="B8" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2003</a>), Oussalah et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B133" rid="B133" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2006</a>) | |
| Coriander | Coriandrum sativum | Linalool (25.9–64.4%), (E)-2-decenal (0–20.2%), decanol (0.14–8.4%), (E)-2-decen-1-ol (0–7.9%) | Candida species (0.05–0.4% v/v) L. monocytogenes (0.018–0.074% v/v) | Damage cytoplasmic membrane; released cellular content | De et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B42" rid="B42" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1999</a>), Gill et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B79" rid="B79" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2002</a>), Silva et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B165" rid="B165" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2011</a>) |
| Cloves | Syzygium aromaticum | Eugenol (64%), eugenyl acetate (16.3%), caryophyllene (14.5%) | C. jejuni (0.05% v/v) E. aerogenes E. coli (0.04% v/v) L. monocytogenes (0.03% v/v) S. enteritidis (0.04% v/v) S. aureus (0.04% v/v) | Inhibited histidine decarboxylase (E. aerogenes) | Wendakoon and Morihiko (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B185" rid="B185" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1995</a>), Smith-Palmer et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B166" rid="B166" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1998</a>) |
| Cumin | Cuminum cyminum L. (seed) | Cumin aldehyde (29%), α-terpinen-7-al (20.7%), γ-terpinene (12.9%), p-cymene (8.6%) | B. cereus (0.05<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μL/mL) B. subtilis (0.05<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μL/mL or 1000<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) | Mild changes in cytoplasm; cell envelope intact | De et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B42" rid="B42" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1999</a>), Pajohi (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B136" rid="B136" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2011</a>) |
| Garlic | Allium sativum | Allicin (70%) | Candida albicans (470–940<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) E. coli (15–15000<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL or 3.95% v/v) L. monocytogenes (8.8% v/v) Salmonella typhi (7% v/v) S. aureus (12–15000<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL or 5% v/v) | Induced leakage from E. coli cells | Hughes and Lawson (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B93" rid="B93" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1991</a>), Kumar and Berwal (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B105" rid="B105" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1998</a>), Ankri and Mirelman (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B9" rid="B9" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1999</a>), Perry et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B145" rid="B145" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2009</a>) |
| Kaffir lime | Citrus hystrix | Citronellol (10.7%), limonene (7.3%), linalool (5.8%) | Aspergillus flavus (560<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Aspergillus parasiticus (1130<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) | Reduced aflatoxin production | Rammanee and Hongpattarakere (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B148" rid="B148" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2011</a>) |
| Lemon grass | Cymbopogon citratus | Geranial (45.7%), myrcene (3.9%), 6-methylhept-5-en-2-one (2.7%) | L. innocua L. monocytogenes S. aureus | Permeabilized membrane | Baratta et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B13" rid="B13" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1998</a>), Nguefack et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B125" rid="B125" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2004b</a>) |
| Lime | Citrus aurantifolia | Limonene (69.1%), p-cymene (12.8%) | A. flavus (560<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) A. parasiticus (1130<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) | Reduced aflatoxin production; extra- and intracellular damages to cells | Rammanee and Hongpattarakere (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B148" rid="B148" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2011</a>) |
| Mustard oil | E. coli (0.2% v/v) S. typhi (0.2% v/v) | Affected membrane integrity; released cell content; decreased intracellular ATP and pH, while external ATP increased | Turgis et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B173" rid="B173" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2009</a>) | ||
| Menthol | Mentha longifolia | Menthol (32.5%), menthone (20.7%), pulegone (17.8%), 1,8-cineole (5.6%), terpineol-4 (4.9%) | Salmonella typhimurium (1560<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) E. coli (780<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Micrococcus luteus (190<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) S. aureus (780<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) | Damaged cell wall | Hafedh et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B86" rid="B86" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2010</a>) |
| Oregano | Origanum compactum | Carvacrol (36.5%), thymol (29.7%), p-cymene (24.3%), γ-terpinene (1.1%) | P. aeruginosa (1% v/v) S. aureus (0.031% v/v) | Dissipated potassium gradient; depolarized membranes; permeabilized membranes; inhibited cell respiration; affected cell structure: coagulated cytoplasmic material; liberation of membrane vesicles; mesosome-like structures | Bouhdid et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B19" rid="B19" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2009</a>), Babili et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B10" rid="B10" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2011</a>) |
| Origanum vulgare | Carvacrol (68.1%), p-cymene (15.9%), α-pinene (2.6%), myrcene (2%) | E. coli (0.625<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μL/mL) P. aeruginosa (1648<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) S. aureus (0.6<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μL/mL or 575<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Six bacteria (20–40<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μL/mL) Three Candida spp. (10–20<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μL/mL) | Suppressed enterotoxin production; released cellular content; cell morphological changes; permeabilized membranes; leaked potassium and phosphate; dissipated pH gradients | Lambert et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B111" rid="B111" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2001</a>), Burt and Reinders (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B24" rid="B24" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2003</a>), De Souza et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B45" rid="B45" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2008</a>, <a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B44" rid="B44" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2010</a>) | |
| Rosemary | Rosmarinus officinalis | Carnosic acid, carnosol, rosmadial, genkwanin, rosmarinic acid | Model membranes C. albicans (10<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Saccharomyces cerevisiae (5<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) B. subtilis (10<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) E. coli (0.1% v/v or 40<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) S. aureus (0.1% v/v or 20<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) | Membrane-rigidifying effects; affected lipid polymorphism | Panizzi et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B137" rid="B137" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1993</a>), Smith-Palmer et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B166" rid="B166" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1998</a>), Pérez-Fons et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B144" rid="B144" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2006</a>) |
| Savory | Satureja montana | Thymol (29%), p-cymene (12%), linalool (11%), carvacrol (10.7%) | C. albicans (5<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) S. cerevisiae (5<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) E. coli (0.05% v/v or 40<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) L. monocytogenes (0.05% v/v) S. aureus (0.013% v/v or 5<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) S. Typhimurium (0.05% v/v) Clostridium perfringens (1.56% v/v) | Increased extracellular ATP; reduced intracellular pH; affected membrane integrity; structural damages; and cell lysis | Panizzi et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B137" rid="B137" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1993</a>), Oussalah et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B133" rid="B133" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2006</a>, <a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B134" rid="B134" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2007</a>), De Oliveira et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B43" rid="B43" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2011</a>) |
| Spanish oregano | Coridothymus capitatus | E. coli (0.025% v/v) L. monocytogenes (0.025% v/v) S. aureus (0.013% v/v) S. Typhimurium (0.025% v/v) | Increased extracellular ATP; released cellular content; reduced intracellular pH; affected membrane integrity | Oussalah et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B133" rid="B133" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2006</a>, <a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B134" rid="B134" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2007</a>) | |
| Thyme | Thymus eriocalyx | Thymol (63.8%), α-phellandrene (13.3%), cis-sabinene hydroxide (8.1%) | L. monocytogenes (125<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) | Damaged cell envelope | Rasooli et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B150" rid="B150" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2006</a>) |
| Thymus vulgaris | Thymol (31.4%), p-cymene (17%), carvacrol (12.4%), γ-terpinene (11.1%) | C. albicans (1<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) S. cerevisiae (2<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) B. subtilis (2<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) C. jejuni (0.04% v/v) Erwinia amylovora (1600<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Erwinia carotovora (1600<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) E. coli (0.05% v/v or 2<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) L. innocua L. monocytogenes (0.02% v/v) S. aureus (0.02% v/v or 5<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) S. enteritidis (0.04% v/v) | Permeabilized membrane; caused changes in outer membrane protein profile of Erwinia strains | Panizzi et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B137" rid="B137" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1993</a>), Smith-Palmer et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B166" rid="B166" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">1998</a>), Nguefack et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B125" rid="B125" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2004b</a>), Horváth et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B92" rid="B92" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2009</a>) | |
| Thymus x-porlock | α-Phellandrene (38.7%), thymol (31.7%), cis-sabinene hydroxide (9.6%) | L. monocytogenes (125<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) | Damaged cell envelope; clumping of intracellular material | Rasooli et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B150" rid="B150" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2006</a>) | |
| Gnaphalium affine | Eugenol (18.2%), linalool (10.6%), trans-caryophyllene (8.9%), α-terpineol (6%), p-cymene (5.8%) | Six bacteria (0.39–1.56<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Five fungi (0.2<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) | Disrupted cell walls and membranes | Zeng et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B190" rid="B190" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2011</a>) | |
| Sphallerocarpus gracilis | α-Asarone (33.1%), γ-terpinene (25,6%), p-cymene (17.4%) | Eight Gram-positive bacteria (160–640<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) Four Gram-negative bacteria (80–320<img src="/corehtml/pmc/pmcents/x2009.gif" border="0" alt=" " title="" />μg/mL) One fungus (no MIC) | Altered cell morphology | Gao et al. (<a href="/pmc/articles/PMC3265747/#B74" rid="B74" class=" bibr" target="mainwindow">2011</a>) |
good how to video
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pSxvCM14lNo - glass , huniper
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r8-zxWKAVK8 - lavender - pressure cooker - bulk distill
